Recent findings several modifiable socioeconomic determinants, such as education and occupation, are associated with hypertension. This study suggests a high prevalence of elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents in africa, with overweight and obesity being an important risk factor. For many years, the relationship between obesity and heart disease and hypertension has presented a challenging problem. Diet quality is associated with obesity and hypertension. Therefore, in order to prevent comorbidities, the best method is by the alteration of lifestyle habits, such as diet and physical activity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and the associated risk of high blood pressure among nigerian adolescents. A large body of epidemiological data has documented that the association between obesity and hypertension is more than can be expected by chance alone. However, a positive family history of hypertension was not associated with hypertension in children.
Obesity is associated with an increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors including hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia. Pdf hypertension is one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, but despite a century of clinical and basic research, the discrete. Although we are still waiting for an unifying theory, some pathophysiological features have been identified as the driving forces of the disease 2,3. Hypertension was generally defined as a blood pressure reading of 140 over 90 or higher, but new guidelines issued in 2017 define hypertension as over 80 or higher.
The developmental origins of obesity related hypertension sarah l. However, the evidence is inconsistent across diet quality scores and by sex. The present obesity epidemic particularly affects africanamerican women. Lifestyle modification is the greatest tool in prevention of hypertension. A large body of epidemiological data has documented that the association between obesity and hypertension is more than can be expected by. However, a small percentage of people with this type of high blood pressure may be able to get rid of it. Abdominal obesity, body mass index, and hypertension in us.
Pregnancy induced hypertension and associated factors. In fact, your blood pressure rises as your body weight increases. This epidemic of obesity and obesityrelated hypertension is paralleled by an alarming increase in the incidence of diabetes. Obesity and hypertensionthe issue is more complex than we thought. Indeed, the socalled obesity paradox has recently been described, meaning that, while obese individuals. Normal blood pressure is regulated by 2 haemodynaemic forces 1cardiac output. Most hypertension cannot be cured, only controlled. High blood pressure hypertension is a common health problem plaguing millions worldwide. Even being overweight when young was found to double high blood pressure risk in longterm study. May 27, 2017 the major health issue of being overweight or obese relates to the development of hypertension, insulin resistance and diabetic complications. Blood pressure, bmi, and waist circumference were directly measured along with selfreported antihypertensive medication usage. Their focus was on the current state of knowledge of this. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the united states.
Multiple logistic regression of the htnrelated obesity indices showed that the. Hypertension is the most common reason for office visits of nonpregnant adults to their physicians and for the use of prescription drugs 3, and obese people are more likely to have hypertension 5. Their focus was on the current state of knowledge of this condition in. Heavy on the accelerator, journal of the american heart association, 8. Other peptide such as adiponectin, ghrelin, and endocannabinoids are related with insulin resistance to be involved with obesity associated hypertension. As shown by previous studies lower educational level has greater risk of getting hypertension and obesity, such patients did not do better at keeping their blood pressure under. Prevalence of hypertension and its association with. Since some antihypertensive medications may influence insulin sensitivity and the metabolic risk profile over time. Pdf obesity and hypertension have both been on the rise in children. There are 58 to 65 million adults who have hypertension in the united states 1,2. However, hypertension rates were rather high in both studies 56% and 25% respectively.
Pathophysiology and management of obesity related hypertension. Each is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and both. Preventing hypertension related to obesity is closely connected to the underlying disease as well as its treatment. If these two factors are altered it results to hypertension. Large scale epidemiological studies have shown that hypertension is two to three times more present in the obese than in lean individuals.
Childhood obesity quadruples chances of adult hypertension. However, a small percentage of people with this type of high blood pressure may be able to get rid of it once. The relationship between hypertension and obesity across dif. Brown c et al body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. D, palencia r, khan,s 20 prevalence of hypertension and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in observational studies. Other peptide such as adiponectin, ghrelin, and endocannabinoids are related with insulin resistance to be involved with obesityassociated hypertension. Treating hypertension in 2019 what are the goalshow do we best get th. In light of the worldwide epidemic of obesity, and in recognition of hypertension as a major factor in the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with obesity, the obesity society and the american. As years have passed, other hypotheses have linked the development of obesityrelated hypertension to metabolic, neurohumoral, renal and endothelial abnormalities. Obesity and hypertension high blood pressure are intimately connected. Hall m, hamid a and oshunbade a 2019 the eyes, circulation research, 124.
Factors responsible for obesityrelated hypertension. Efforts to address this burden of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents should mainly focus on primary prevention at the community level, by promoting healthy lifestyles and avoiding other cardiovascular risk. Obesity related hypertension european society of cardiology. Cardiometabolic health congress cmhc advancing cardiometabolic health from east to west. Apr 27, 2017 the present obesity epidemic particularly affects africanamerican women. One third of all hypertension cases are related to obesity. Sympathetic activation contributes to obesity hypertension. Obesity related hypertension is also related to an impaired function of the baroreceptor sensitivity and increased levels of circulating ffas, adipocytederived factors, insulin and inflammatory. Obesity and hypertension have both been on the rise in children. The obesity epidemic is not restricted to industrialized societies. Obesity is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk and earlier onset of cardiovascular. Sep 06, 2016 activation of the sympathetic nervous system sns, the amount of intraabdominal and intravascular fat, sodium retention leading to increase in renal reabsorption, and the reninangiotensin system, are considered to have important functions in the pathogenesis of obesity related hypertension, a chronic medical condition in which the blood. Some prior studies have suggested that higher prepregnancy body mass index is associated with increased risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia 15. Both obesity and hypertension are two common diseases.
The physiological effects of obesity on the normal heart and its. Optimal treatment of obesityrelated hypertension circulation. Obesity and overweight pose a major risk for serious dietrelated chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and. Obesityassociated arterial hypertension is characterized by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, activation of the reninangiotensin system, and. Weight loss will lead to a significant lowering of blood pressure. A metaanalysis by wang et al showed that, compared with individuals who had normal bmi, overweight and obese individuals had a relative risk for kidney disease of 1.
Obesity is associated with increased blood flow, vasodilatation, cardiac output, and hypertension. Obesity is a growing global health concern, with a rapid increase being observed in morbid obesity. Other potential mechanisms other factors that may be implicated in the pathophysiology of obesity related hypertension include a decrease in natriuretic peptides 33,34 table 1 pathogenesis of obesity related hypertension. To control the obesity related hypertension, critical weight loss is an effective way of managing the condition. Nov 25, 2005 obesity related hypertension is commonly associated with further elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.
Childhood obesity and associated hypertension are major public health concerns globally. The prevalence of obesity is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide 1, 2. Although cardiac index cardiac output divided by body weight does not increase, cardiac output and glomerular filtration rate do. Prevalence of obesity related hypertension may be increasing because lower educational status, majority of the patients 80% education were up to secondary class only. Pdf obesityrelated hypertension in children researchgate. Diet quality is associated with obesity and hypertension in. Weight gain was also associated with increased risk. Obesityrelated hypertension is also related to an impaired function of the baroreceptor sensitivity and increased levels of circulating ffas, adipocytederived factors, insulin and inflammatory. Obesity is a major risk for essential hypertension, diabetes and other morbidity that contribute to the development of kidney disease because it mainly increases tubular reabsorption to impair pressure natriuresis and cause volume expansion via the activation of the sns and the ras. It has been estimated that 6070% of hypertension in adults may be directly attributable to adiposity. These findings denote a close association between obesity and hypertension 12. In light of the worldwide epidemic of obesity, and in recognition of hypertension as a major factor in the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with obesity, the obesity society and the american society of hypertension agreed to jointly sponsor a position paper on obesity related hypertension to be published jointly in the journals of each society. Epidemiologic studies indicate that obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes dm. The relationship between hypertension and obesity across.
American society of hypertension, association of black cardiologists, national lipid association, preventive cardiovascular nurses association, the endocrine society, and womenheart. When the cause is unknown, the hypertension is called primary, or essential, hypertension. Obesityrelated hypertension may be a distinct hypertensive. Excessive overweight remains among the most neglected public health issues worldwide, while obesity is associated with increasing risks of. The incidence of hypertension and obesity the framingham heart study, a famousread article. It is important to work from the beginning before hypertension leads to other cardiovascular risks in obese patients. Furthermore, longitudinal studies have shown that obesity is a risk factor for the development of hypertension. Normal blood pressure is regulated by 2 haemodynaemic forces 1cardiac output 2total peripheral vascular resistance. These interventions will help manage and prevent diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Weight, height and blood pressure bp were measured using standard methods. According to the study mechanisms of obesityinduced hypertension, published in march, 2010, the correlation between hypertension and obesity is still yet. Armitage1,2 1department of anatomy and developmental biology,monash university,vic 3800, australia and 2 neuropharmacology laboratory,baker idi heart and diabetes institute.
However, renal sodium retention also increases, leading to hypertension. The major health issue of being overweight or obese relates to the development of hypertension, insulin resistance and diabetic complications. Nhanes iii odds ratio for hypertension according to sex, age, and bmi defined as mean systolic blood pressure 140 mm hg, mean diastolic 90 mm hg, or. Obesity is also an important public health problem with its high prevalence and. Arya sharma on pathophysiology and management of obesity related hypertension, part of a collection of online lectures. The prevalence of morbid obesity is steadily increasing in africanamerican women, who are prone to developing hypertension htn even in the absence of obesity. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system sns, the amount of intraabdominal and intravascular fat, sodium retention leading to increase in renal reabsorption, and the reninangiotensin. Obesityrelated hypertension is commonly associated with further elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Sep 12, 20 childhood obesity and risk of adult hypertension. The developmental origins of obesityrelated hypertension sarah l.
Relationship between obesity indices and hypertension among. The aim of this thesis is to understand the effectiveness of lifestyle modification in prevention of hypertension. A crosssectional schoolbased study of 885 apparently healthy adolescents was performed. The developmental origins of obesityrelated hypertension. It is difficult to determine the fraction of hypertension that can be attributed to overweight and obesity. The raas and adipose tissue clinical trials for hypertension have presented the result. One of the major underlying factors influencing the elevated blood pressure in obesity is increased activity of the sympathetic nerves to particular organs such as the kidney. Hypertension affects about 40% adults worldwide and its known to be risk factors such as aging, lifestyle and medications. Obesity and hypertensionthe issue is more complex than we.
A positive family history of hypertension was reported for 755 34. Relative risk ratios were calculated to evaluate the risk. Epidemiological studies have revealed a strong relation between obesity and. The precise prevalence of obesityrelated hypertension associated with obesity varies with age, race, and gender, and with the criteria used for the definition of hypertension andobesity. Moreover, blood pressure values and body weight are directly related at any age of life. Obesity and hypertension high blood pressure is intimately connected. Obesity is also an important public health problem with its high prevalence and concomitant risks of. Several observations indicate that increased sns activity contributes to obesity hypertension 4, 8. There is now convincing evidence from animal studies that major signals such. Obesity related hypertension an article from the ejournal of the esc council for cardiology practice vol. Hypertension is the most common reason for office visits of nonpregnant adults to their physicians and for the use of prescription drugs 3, and people with obesity are more likely to have hypertension 5. It is important to get both weight and hypertension under control to be healthy.
Obesityrelated hypertension in children article pdf available in frontiers in pediatrics 5. Poor diet, characterized by a low diet quality score, has been associated with greater prevelence of obesity and hypertension. Obesityrelated hypertension in children pediatrics frontiers. Severity of obesity and management of hypertension. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and. Two researchers have provided an overview of cause, process, and treatment of obesity hypertension. Obesityrelated hypertension is no different in this regard in that it predisposes to these conditions as well.
Lifestyle modification in prevention of hypertension. Sep 10, 2009 to control the obesity related hypertension, critical weight loss is an effective way of managing the condition. Whether the obesity epidemic will alter the hypertension phenotype in africanamerican women is entertained. However, the evidence is inconsistent across diet quality. Mechanisms of obesityrelated hypertension include insulin. Nhanes iii odds ratio for hypertension according to sex, age, and bmi defined as mean systolic blood pressure 140 mm hg, mean diastolic 90 mm hg, or currently taking antihypertensive medication. Obesity and associated type 2 diabetes and hypertension in. The aim was to investigate the relationship between diet quality and obesity and hypertension. Hypertension blood pressureit is the lateral pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel wall while flowing through it. Presssures of 120129 over less than 80 are considered elevated. Guido grassi epidemiological studies convey that the obese state. Obesity and obesityassociated cardiovascular risk are increasing. Hypertension and obesity are major contributors to cardiovascular disease, and the relationship between these conditions is known to vary among ethnicities. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and the associated risk of high blood.
386 734 329 1536 1402 766 171 782 1182 2 1528 636 1223 675 1357 1136 828 328 1131 902 925 1465 615 1278 285 468 507 794 950 763 600 1419 1282 492 278 1307 948 741 1293 294 1061 846 269 19 457